Qazaqtyń dástúrli mýzykalyq aspaptary dybys erekshelikterine qaraı alty topqa jikteledi. Olar: soqpaly-shýly; syldyrly; úrlemeli; yspaly; ishekti-shertpeli; kóp ishekti. Gazettiń búgingi nómirinen bastap osy jiktelý tártibin saqtaı otyryp, olardyń syrtqy sıpatyna, aspap jasalatyn zatyna, jasaý ádis-tásilderine, qoldanylatyn qural-saımandaryna etnografııalyq turǵyda sholý jasamaqpyz.
Soqpaly-shýly aspaptar
Soǵyp oınalatyn aspaptardyń úlgi-nusqalary kóp. Sonyń biri – dabyl. Onyń shanaǵy dóńgelek sheńber etip, eki jaǵyna eki aıdan alty aıǵa deıingi jastaǵy buzaý, túıe terisi qaptap jasalady. Mýzykalyq aspaptarǵa arnalǵan mal terisin paıdalaný jáne ony qaptap jasaý kúrdeli ádistermen atqarylady. Ol úshin mal terisin nemese qarnyn dóńgelek aǵash shanaqqa kerip qaptaıdy. Jańa soıylǵan maldyń júnin qyrqyp alyp, sary etin sylyp alady. Aspaptarǵa qoldanatyn teri jarǵaqtyń júni jas kezinde jıditip alynady. Tazartýdyń eki tásili bar jáne ol kúrdeli ádispen ıgeriledi. Biri – ı salý tásili. Bul tásilde ıdiń byrshyǵan ótkir ısin terige sińdirmeý qajet. Ekinshisinde – terini jibitip baryp ótkir ustaramen túgi sylynyp alynady. Sodan soń túksiz teriniń shýashy men shaıyry ketkenshe jýylady. Ábden tazarǵan kezde terini shala keptirip alyp dabyl, daýylpaz, dańǵyra, kepshik, dýdyǵa, toqyldaq sekildi bir jaǵy nemese tutasymen teriden jasalatyn soqpaly-shýly aspaptarǵa qoldanady.
Daýylpaz – halyqtyq nusqada jasalatyn kóne aspap. Ertede ańshylyq, saıatshylyq, qusbegilik salt-dástúrlerde qoldanylǵan. Shanaǵy ózegi alynǵan syrty jumyr biteý aǵashtan jasalyp, syrtyna ǵanyshtaý ádisimen oıý-órnekter salynady. Sheńber aýmaǵy 40-50 sm. bolyp keletin bul aspaptyń tek bir jaǵy ǵana shala kepken terimen qaptalady. Sal-seriler saıatshylyqqa qoldanatyn daýylpazǵa úki qaýyrsyny taǵylyp, jıekterine kúmis nemese asyl tastar ornatyp jasaıtyn bolǵan. Qaıystan jasalatyn belbeýin ańshylar qus, ań qýǵan kezde ertoqymnyń aldyńǵy qas betine nemese moıynǵa asyp alady. Bul aspaptyń el arasynda qol daýylpaz, nar daýylpaz atalatyn túrleri bar. Qol daýylpazdyń sheńber aýmaǵy 30-35 sm. mólsherinde jasalady. Shanaǵy tutas aǵashtan ishin oıyp, keıde tilikshe etip kesilgen aǵashtardan qurap jasalady. Shanaǵy alynyp-salynatyn úsh sıraǵy bar qondyrǵyǵa ornatylady. Qol daýylpazdyń beti túıeniń nemese buzaýdyń terisimen qaptalady. Daýylpazdyń osy nusqasy qoldanýǵa yńǵaıly bolǵandyqtan, óner toptary arasynda suranys kóp. Al nar daýylpaz úlken etip jasalady, betine nar túıeniń terisi qaptalady. Úlkendigi men jasalý zatyna baılanysty el arasynda «nar daýylpaz» atalǵan. Shanaǵy emen, jańǵaq, qaıyń, qyzyl aǵash sekildi qatty aǵashtardan qurap jasalady. Betine tartylǵan teriniń dybysyn tómendetip nemese joǵarylatyp otyrý úshin shanaqqa arnaıy temir burandalar ornatylady. Aspapty taıaqpen uryp oınaıdy. Kóbinese halyqtyq merekelerde jáne úlken orkestr quramynda oınalady.
Osyǵan uqsas etip jasalatyn soqpaly-shýly shyńdaýyl, shyń aspaptarynyń shanaǵy tutasymen metaldan jasalyp, bir jaq beti mal terisimen qaptalady. Teri qaptalmas buryn shanaqtyń ishine shýly ún beretin shaǵyn syldyrmaq-qońyraýlar nemese temir shyǵyrshyqtar taǵylady. Aspapty ertede ań-qustardy úrkitip, qaýmalap aýlaý úshin nemese qýyp, aranǵa túsirý úshin qoldanǵan. Shyńnyń shyńdaýyldan aıyrmashylyǵy tutasymen kúńgirttenbeıtin jez metaldan juqa tabaqsha tárizdes etip, teri qaptalmaı jasalady. Arnaıy jasalatyn shaǵyn taıaqshamen uryp oınalady. Sıpaty men jasalý ádis-tásili jaǵynan kúrdeli aspaptyń biri – qos dúńkildek. Eki shanaqtan turatyn bul aspap jaı ǵana dúńkildek dep te atalady. Shanaq ishteri qýys, beti buzaý terisimen qaptalady. Sheberler onyń bir betin juqa terimen, ekinshisin qalyńdaý etip kerip jasaıdy. Eki betindegi kerilgen teri-jarǵaqty ursa, ekeýinen eki túrli dúńkildegen ún shyǵady. Bul ádis aspaptan eki túrli dybys berýge laıyqtalǵan. Shanaqtary qaıyń, emen, qaraǵaı sekildi qatty aǵashtardan jasalady. Dybys jańǵyryǵyn qamtamasyz etip otyratyn ózegi salynady. Dúńkildekti kóldeneń jatqyzyp ta, tizege qoıyp ta, moıynǵa asyp alyp ta oınaı beredi.
Osy topqa jatatyn dýdyǵa, dańǵyra, toqyldaq, kepshik, saqpan, shartyldaýyq, zyryldaýyq, asataıaq, syldyrmaq, qońyraý, tuıaq tas, shyń sekildi soqpaly-shýly aspaptar óz úlgi-nusqalary jaǵynan etnografııalyq muralar sanatyna jatady. Olardyń qoldanylý ortasy, syrtqy sıpattary men jasalý zattary ártúrli. Máselen, dýdyǵany erte zamandarda sardarlar men jeke batyrlar qoldanǵan. Aspap týraly: «…Dýdyǵa qaǵyp, syrnaıyn tartyp» nemese «dýdyǵa silkip qaǵaıyn, dushpanǵa oıran salaıyn» dep keletin epıkalyq jyr-dastandarda aıtylady.
Aspaptyń jalpy turqy segiz qyrly, kúmbezdi etip jasalady. Jasalý ádis-tásili kúrdeli bolǵandyqtan da el arasynda sırek kezdesedi. Aspaptyń shanaǵy tutasymen shala ılengen teriden jasalady. Terini ustap turatyn ishindegi keregishteri qatty aǵashtan ornatylyp, oǵan shaǵyn syldyrmaqtar nemese usaq qońyraýlar taǵylady. Shanaq syrtyna emennen jasalǵan usaq jarǵaq qaqqysh sálpenshekter ornatylady. Ertede onyń syrtyn asyl tastarmen bezendirip jasalatyny týraly el arasynda aıtylady. Aspapty shaıqap, yrǵaqtatyp, silkip oınaıdy. «…Aspap ataýy batyrlardyń dý-dý etken shaıqasty kórinisi men «dý-dýǵa qosyldy» degen uǵymnan týyndaǵan» deıdi aqpar berýshi O.Haımoldın. Aspaptyń belgili zerger D.Shoqparuly men sheber A.Hasenov qalpyna keltirgen jalǵyz etnografııalyq nusqasy halyq aspaptary mýzeıinde saqtalǵan.
Zábıra JÁKIShEVA,
aspaptanýshy-etnolog,
Qazaqstan Respýblıkasynyń
Mádenıet qaıratkeri,
«Ana tili»
