Vıkıngter nege shejireshil?

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Reseı Ǵylym Akademııasynyń korrespondent-múshesi, fılologııa ǵylym­darynyń doktory Fedor Ýspenskııdiń pikirinshe, baıyrǵy ata-babalaryna barynsha mán berý nemese túpki teginiń kim bolǵanyn anyq bilý –tek ortaǵasyrlyq vıkıngterge ǵana emes, búgingi skandınavııalyqtarǵa da, onyń ishinde, ásirese, ıslandııalyqtarǵa etene jaqyn qundylyq.

Sebebi halqynyń sany tym az bol­ǵan­dyqtan bolýy kerek, búgingi ıslan­dııalyqtardyń kópshiligi ózderiniń túp­ki ata-tegi men genealogııalyq tamy­ryn H ǵasyrda ómir súrgen áıgili ıslan­dııalyq termeshi ári qıssashy Egıl Skal­lagrımssonnan (Egill Skallagrímsson) nemese eski zamandarda ómir súrgen belgili bir aıtýly tulǵadan taratýdy jón sanaıtyny aıqyn baıqalady. Bul úrdis búgingi Islandııada eshqandaı min bolyp sanalmaıdy. Kerisinshe, mundaı dástúr ıslandııalyq qıssa aıtýshylar men termeshiler úshin de, olardyń tyńdarmandary úshin de óte baǵaly ári ótken tarıhty qaıta tiriltip, ony búgingi kúnmen jalǵastyratyn eń ońtaıly quralǵa aınalyp ketkeni kórinip tur jáne bul úrdistiń óz halqymyzdyń ara­synda da dál solaı baǵalanatyny belgili.

Ár azamattyń túpki genealogııasy men ata-baba shejiresin ulyqtaýy Skan­dınavııada, ásirese, orta ǵasyrlarda úlken basymdyqqa ıe bolǵan. Birde-bir jıyn qıssasyz nemese shejiresiz ótpegenge uqsaıdy. Óıtkeni ondaı basqosýlarǵa halyq, birinshiden, qıssa­lardaǵy keıip­kerler men este joq eski zamandarda bolǵan eleýli oqıǵalar arqyly óz tarıhy men salt-dástúrlerinen qundy derekter men málimet alý úshin, ekinshi jaǵynan, ózderiniń túpki genealogııa­lyq tegin tanyp-bilý úshin jáne sondaı málimetter arqyly ózderin de ózge jurtqa tanytý úshin barǵan. Bir sózben aıtqanda, genealogııalyq jeli men ha­lyq shejiresi sol kezdegi qoǵamnyń eń basty uıytqysy men temirqazyǵy bolǵan. Sondyqtan da, qıssashylar men termeshiler eshbir qate jibermeýge tyrysqan. Sebebi halyq jadynda saq­ta­lyp qalǵan tarıhı qundylyqtar esh bur­malanbaı, báz qalpynda jetse, tyń­daýshylar da maqtanysh sezimine bó­lenip, termeshiler men qıssashylarǵa óz qa­zaǵymyzdyń arasyndaǵy sııaqty, úlken qurmet kórse­tilgen.

Al keıde genealogııa men shejireniń ádebı dástúr sheńberinen shyǵyp ketetin kezderi de bolǵan. Máselen, bir qıssada norvegııalyq Sverrır esimdi korol Norvegııa taǵy úshin saıysqa túsken kezinde, aımaqtardy aralap, halyqpen júzdesý barysynda elektoratty óz jaǵyna tartý maqsatynda álgi jıynda bolashaqta halyqtyń paıdasy úshin ózi iske asyratyn is-josparlary týraly tyńdaýshylardyń júrekterin baýraıtyn jalyndy sóz sóıleýdiń ornyna, óziniń Gýnhıld esimdi anasynyń genealogııalyq shejiresin táptishtep aıtyp berýge tyrysqan kórinedi. Onyń sózine qulaq túrgen elektorat bolsa, ózderiniń Sverrırdiń anasymen qaı jaǵynan týys ekenin nemese onyń qadir-qasıetiniń qaı tustary ózderine jaqyn keletinin topshylap, bolashaq koroldiń genealogııasy men ata-baba shejiresiniń ózderimen qanshalyqty alys-jaqyn ekenin bajaılaýmen bolǵan.

Islandııa tarıhynyń atasy sanalatyn «Islandııalyqtar týraly kitap» atty týyndynyń avtory – svıaennık Anrı Torgılson óz shyǵarmasynda Islandııa aralyna halyqtardyń o basta qalaı kelip qonystanǵany, Hrıstıan dininiń qalaı engeni, shirkeý ınstıtýttary jáne epıskoptardyń kelýi jaıynda jan-jaqty málimet bere kelip, sózin «Kitabym osymen támam boldy» dep aıaqtaǵan kórinedi. Al shyn máninde avtor kitabyn solaı aıaqtadym degenimen, jazýyn ári qaraı jalǵastyryp, eki genea­logııalyq shejirege kósile toqtalǵan kó­rinedi. Olardyń birinshisi – tórt ıs­landııalyq epıskoptyń genealogııasy jaıyndaǵy málimet. Biraq olardyń ekeýi ómirden ótip ketken epıskoptar bolsa, qalǵan ekeýi Anrı Torgılsonǵa kitap jazý kezinde ártúrli aqyl-keńes bergen bastyqtary eken. Anrı Torgılson eki epıskopqa bergen kómekteri úshin jaı ǵana alǵys aıtsa da nemese kitap solarǵa baǵyshtalady dese de jetkilikti bolar edi. Biraq olaı etýdiń ornyna Anrı Torgılson epıskoptardyń genealogııasyn tarqatý arqyly olardy Islandııaǵa eń alǵash kelip qonystanǵan eń dańqty tulǵalar retinde tym asqaqtatyp jiber­gen kórinedi.

Osymen ǵana shektelmeı, Anrı Tor­­gılson endigi jerde adam túsinip bol­maıtyn qaıdaǵy bir Ingvı Ko­nýng Tıýrkov esimdi jerjúzine bı­lik júrgizgen konýng, ıaǵnı korol már­tebesindegi mıfologııalyq keıipkerdiń genealogııasyn tuqym-tuıaǵyna deıin jiliktep, ózine deıingi uzaq-sonar she­jireni shubyrta jóneledi. Bul genealogııa eń sońynda mynadaı sózdermen aıaqtalady: «...meniń ákem Torgıls, al onyń uly – men – Anrı bolamyn». Qalaı bolǵanda da, bul shejireni aıaǵyna deıin tyńdaǵan nemese oqyp shyqqan kez kelgen adamnyń jadyna Anrı Torgılson­nyń avtografy jazylyp qalǵany kú­mán tý­dyrmaıdy. Demek ol óziniń álgi kitap­tyń avtory ekendigin dáleldeý úshin basqa ádis tappaǵan syńaıly. Ol – ol ma, Anrıdiń negizgi nysanasy – óz oqyrmandaryna óziniń genealogııalyq teginiń sonshalyqty bıik nemese áleý­mettik mártebesiniń sonshalyqty joǵary ekenin dáleldeý, ıaǵnı ata-babalarynyń Qudaı emes, biraq Qudaıdan bylaı emes bolǵanyn qalamyna erik bere otyryp, fantastıkalyq epıtetterdi qoıý jaǵyp, barynsha dáripteý bolǵanyn baıqamaý múmkin emes.

Sonymen, skandınavııalyq genealogııa – tek ótken tarıhqa jasalǵan ekskýrs qana emes, ol sonymen qatar sheji­re taratýshy adamnyń búgingi bolmys-bitiminen bastap, sodan soń uzyn-so­nar baspaldaqtarmen urpaqtarynan-urpaqtaryna tómendeı otyryp, she­jire ıesiniń ótken zamandardaǵy ata-babalarynyń dańqty beıneleri men aıtýly is-áreketterin monshaqqa tiz­gen­deı etip, kórkem tilmen ári maq­ta­nysh sezimimen baıandaý. Demek skan­dınavııalyq genealogııa – ótkendi tiril­te otyryp, ony búgingi kúnmen jal­ǵaý, basqasha aıtqanda, keshegi men búgin­giniń arasyna kópir salý. Sondaı-aq qan­daı shejire bolsyn, onda eń aldymen shejire ıesiniń ata-babalary barynsha dáripteledi, alaıda eń sońynda sol shejireni aıtyp otyrǵan adamnyń ózimen shekteledi.

Bul faktor, ıaǵnı eki baǵyt­ty ge­nea­logııalyq shejire skandınavııa­lyq­­tar úshin asa mańyzdy, óıtkeni ol keshegi men búgingini jalǵaıtyn kópir bolǵandyqtan, aýdıtorııa sanasynda kúlli týystyq baılanystardy sol she­jireniń keıipkerleri atalǵan saıyn únemi tiriltip otyrady. Mine, sondyqtan da, skandınavııalyq shejireler ádette sansyz kóp keıipkerlerdiń esimderine toly bolady jáne tarıhı shyndyqtan habar beredi.

Aıtalyq, teńiz saparlary kezinde kezdesip qalǵan eki konýng eń aldymen jón surasý arqyly shejirelerin silteme jasaı otyryp, bir-birine týystyǵy bar-joǵyn ábden anyqtap alǵannan keıin ǵana dostasyp, ne bolmasa jat ekenin bilip, óz jónine ketetin bolǵan.

Demek genealogııa men shejireniń bas­ty maqsaty – tek ótkendi tiriltetin faktor ǵana emes, sonymen qatar olardyń ekinshi qyzmeti adamdardyń týystyq qarym-qatynastaryn arttyryp, bir-birine súıeý bolatyn belsendiligin jan­dandyratyn óte mańyzdy mádenı-áleý­mettik kilt bolyp sanaldy. Tipti Reseı jerine ketip, sonda qonystanyp qalǵan skandınavııalyqtardyń ózderi de qanshalyqty orystanyp ketkenine qaramastan, alystaǵy Otandarymen qatynastaryn úzbeı, eger qıyndyq týa qalsa, varıagtar dep atalyp ketken qandas týystaryn panalaıtyn bolǵan. Tipti áýlıe Vladımırdiń ózi de tolyqqandy orys knıazine aınalyp ketse de, baıyrǵy vıkıngtik qasıetterin saqtap qalǵany belgili.

Taǵy bir erekshe nazar aýdaratyn faktor mynaý: este joq eski zamandarda Skıfııadan attanǵan baıyrǵy skan­dınavııalyq vıkıngterdiń genea­logııalyq shejire qalyptastyrý úr­disi men qazaq halqynyń shejire qalyp­tastyrý úrdisiniń arasynda óte úlken uqsastyqtar bar ekeni jáne olardyń maqsat-múddeleri men atqaratyn qyz­metiniń bir-birinen aýmaıtyndyǵy, son­daı-aq ol arada myńdaǵan jyldar ótse de, Skandınavııaǵa Skıfııadan attan­ǵan halyqtar men Skıfııanyń bú­gingi murageri bolyp tabylatyn qa­zaq hal­qynyń arasyndaǵy tarıhı, etno­grafııalyq, lıngvıstıkalyq jáne ge­netıkalyq baılanystardy buryn­ǵydan beter nyǵaıta túsetin ǵajap etno­­mádenı qundylyq ekeni daýsyz. De­­mek qazaq halqynyń «Jeti atasyn bil­­megen jetesiz» degen qanatty sózi­niń astary óte tereń ekeni dál osy tus­ta erek­she baıqalady. Osy turǵydan kel­­gende, tilimizdiń sózdik qorynda tur­­ǵan «baıdaly turmaq, bas qaıǵy» de­gen sóz tirkesiniń túpki maǵynasynyń kúń­girttenip, búgingi tańda arhaızmge aınala bastaǵanynyń saldarynan keı­de aýyzeki tilde «baıtal túgil, bas qaı­ǵy» bolyp aıtylyp júrgeni de oılan­dyratyn másele. Al shyndyǵynda, este joq eski zamandarda qazaq arasynda elge aıryqsha qadirli áskerbasy, ıá bol­masa áıgili kósem nemese abyz nemese asa qadirli aqsaqal dúnıeden ozsa, olar­dyń artynda qalǵan urpaqtary qaı­ǵyryp, ádette qalyptasqan dástúr bo­ıynsha, basyndaǵy baıdalylaryn (burym­daryn) kesetin bolǵan, sol sııaq­­ty marqumdardyń kózi tirisinde minip júrgen attarynyń jal-quıryq­tary da qosa kúzeletin bolǵan. Tarıhı aqparattardan belgili bolyp otyrǵandaı, baıyrǵy vıkıngterdiń batyr tulǵalary da baıdaly (burym) ósirgeni anyq baı­qalady.

Endi Wikipedia erkin enıklopedııasynda keltirilgen baıyrǵy vıkıngterdiń genealogııasyna qatysty Borr degen taqyryppen vıkıngterdiń mıfologııasyna qatysty aǵylshyntildi maqalada keltirilgen myna bir ǵajap faktorlar men olardyń qazaq tiline tárjimelengen mátinderine nazar aýdaralyq.

 

Borr

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In Norse mythology, Borr or Burr (Old Norse: ‘son’, born; sometimes anglicized Bor, Bör or Bur) was the son of Búri. Borr was the husband of Bestla and the father of Odin, Vili and Vé. Borr receives mention in a poem in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional material, and in the Prose Edda, composed in the 13th century by Icelander Snorri Sturluson. Scholars have proposed a variety of theories about the figure. Bor is also one of the most powerful gods even capable of surpassing Odin.

[Qazaqsha aýdarmasy: Skandınavııa mıfologııasynda Borr nemese Býrr (eski norvegııalyq «týylǵan ul» degen uǵym­dy bildiredi. Aǵylshynsha Bor, Bör or Bur) Bóriniń uly bolǵan. Borr Best­lanyń kúıeýi jáne Odın, Vılı jáne Ven­niń ákesi bolǵan. Bór HIII ǵasyrda dás­túrli jolmen jazylǵan «poetıkalyq Edda» óleńinde jáne HIII ǵasyrda ıs­lan­dııalyq Snorrı Stýrlýson jazǵan prozalyq Eddada aıtylǵan. Ǵalymdar bul tulǵa týraly kóptegen teorııalar usyndy. Bór – sonymen qatar Odınnen asyp túsetin eń kúshti qudaılardyń biri.]

Borr is mentioned in the fourth verse of the Völuspá, a poem contained in the Poetic Edda, and in the sixth chapter of Gylfaginning, the second section of the Prose Edda.

[Qazaqshasy: Borr «Vólıýspanyń» tórtinshi óleńinde, poetıkalyq Eddadaǵy óleńde jáne prozalyq Eddanyń ekinshi bólimi «Gılfagınıngtiń» altynshy taraýynda kezdesedi:

Borr is not mentioned again in the Prose Edda. In skaldic and eddaic poetry, Odin is occasionally referred to as Borr’s son.

The role of Borr in Norse mythology is unclear. Nineteenth-century German scholar Jacob Grimm proposed to equate Borr with Mannus as related in Tacitus’ Germania on the basis of the similarity in their functions in Germanic theogeny. The 19th century Icelandic scholar and archaeologist Finnur Magnússon hypothesized that Borr was «intended to signify [...] the first mountain or mountain-chain, which it was deemed by the forefathers of our race had emerged from the waters in the same region where the first land made its appearance. This mountain chain is probably the Caucasus, called by the Persians Borz (the genitive of the Old Norse Borr)]...

[Qazaqsha tárjimesi: Borr prozalyq Eddada budan bylaı atalmaıdy. Skal­dıkalyq jáne eddalyq poezııada Odın keıde Borrdyń uly dep atalady.

Skandınavııa mıfologııasyndaǵy Borrdyń róli túsiniksiz. HIH ǵasyrdaǵy nemis ǵalymy Djeıkob Grımm Borrdy Mannýspen teńestirýdi usynady. Bul Taıttiń «Germanııasynda» sıpat­tal­ǵandaı, olardyń nemis teogenııa­syn­daǵy fýnkııalarynyń uqsastyǵyna negizdelgen. Al HIH ǵasyrdaǵy ıslan­dııa­lyq ǵalym jáne arheolog Fınnýr Magnýsson «Borr»degen ataý «alǵashqy taý nemese taý tizbegi» degen uǵymdy bildiredi deı kelip... «bizdiń násilimiz­diń ata-babalary birinshi jer paıda bolǵan aımaqtaǵy sýlardan paıda bolǵan alǵashqy taý nemese taý tizbegi. Bul taý silemi, bálkim, parsylardyń Borz dep atalatyn Kavkaz taýynyń ataýy bolýy yqtımal»].

References/Ciltemeler:

  • Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist (transl.) (1916). The Prose Edda by Snorri Sturluson. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation.
  • Bellows, Henry Adams (1923). The Poetic Edda. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation.
  • Finnur Magnússon (1824). Eddalaeren og dens oprindelse, Vol. I.
  • Grimm, Jacob (1883). Teutonic Myt­ho­logy, Vol. I. London: G. Bell and Sons.
  • Lindow, John (2001). Handbook of Norse Mythology. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
  • Lorenz, Gottfried (1984). Gylfaginning. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesell­schaft.
  • Mallet, M. (1847). Northern Antiquities. London: Henry G. Bohn.
  • Nordal, Sigurd (1980). Völuspá. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buch­ge­sellschaft.
  • Simek, Rudolf (1988). Lexikon der germanischen Mythologie. Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner.
  • Simek, Rudolf (2007) translated by Angela Hall. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-513-1
  • Thorpe, Benjamin (1851). Northern Mythology. London: Edward Lumley.

Kórip otyrǵanymyzdaı, baıyrǵy vıkıngterdiń mıfologııasynda olardyń qudaıy sanalatyn Odın – Bör, ıaǵnı Bóriniń uly ekeni aıqyn kórsetilgen. Endeshe, tek túrkitildes halyqtardyń totemi (tegi) sanalatyn bóri baıyrǵy Skıfııadan nemese búgingi Qazaqstan jerinen údere kóship, Skandınavııaǵa qonystanǵan ejelgi vıkıngterdiń de túpki tegi ekeni joǵarydaǵy enıklo­pedııalyq anyqtamadan anyq baıqalyp turǵanyn joqqa shyǵarýǵa bolmas. Al HIH ǵasyrdaǵy ıslandııalyq ǵalym men arheolog Fınnýr Magnýsson bolsa, múlt ketip, «Borr, Bör, Bur »degen ataýlardyń túpki maǵynasy Bóri ekenin ańǵara almaǵan, sondyqtan da olar álgi sózdi «alǵashqy taý nemese taý tizbegi» degen uǵymǵa telip, onyń etımologııasyn parsy tilinen izdegen. Bul qatelikteri úshin ol ǵalymdardy jazǵyrýǵa da bola qoımas, óıtkeni akademııalyq ǵylymda kópten qalyptasqan qaǵıda boıynsha, baıyrǵy Skıfııa tek Iranmen baılanysty, al skıfterdiń túpki tegi parsylar degen teris uǵym qalyptasqanyn umytpaǵanymyz jón. Al búgingi ǵylym ol qaǵıdanyń jalǵan ekendigin, ıaǵnı baıyrǵy Skıfııanyń búgingi Qazaqstan ekenin de, sol terrıtorııany álimsaqtan beri mekendep kele jatqan halyqtyń qazaqtar ekenin de tolyq moıyndaıdy.

 

Ádil AHMETOV,

Qazaqstannyń eńbek sińirgen qaıratkeri, Halyqaralyq

joǵary mektep ǵylym akademııasynyń akademıgi

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